27. mája 2024/Nezaradené
Veľký prehľad k spotrebným daniam zo sladených nápojov
Fakty a dáta bez prifarbenia
Cieľom tohto príspevku IFP je analyticky a faktograficky prispieť z našej strany k viac informovanej verejnej diskusii o zdanení sladených nápojov. Najmä podeliť sa s užitočnými analytickými informáciami, ktoré sme spracovali pri kreovaní návrhu zavedenia dane zo sladených nápojov. Nad rámec základných faktov spojených so zdanením negatívnych externalít prezentujeme medzinárodné porovnanie zdanenia sladených nápojov, skúseností pri dizajnovaní dane ako aj zhrnutie výsledkov tejto dane v odbornej empirickej literatúre.
Zdroje s dôkazmi na podporu zdanenia sladených nápojov v súvislosti s cielením negatívnych externalít z ich spotreby:
Allcott, H., Lockwood, B. B., & Taubinsky, D. (2019): „Should We Tax Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? An Overview of Theory and Evidence“. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(3), 202–227. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26732328
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Briggs, A. (2016): „Sugar tax could sweeten a market failure“. Nature 531, 551 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/531551a
Brownell, Kelly D., et al.(2009): „The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages.“ The New England journal of medicine 361.16 (2009): 1599. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140416/
Hattersley, Libby, et al. (2020): „Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages: international evidence and experiences.“ https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/d9612c480991c5408edca33d54e2028a-0390062021/original/World-Bank-2020-SSB-Taxes-Evidence-and-Experiences.pdf
Parkes, Matthew. (2022): „A role for taxation in reducing Australia’s sugar consumption.“. https://taxpolicy.crawford.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/uploads/taxstudies_crawford_anu_edu_au/2022-03/complete_policy_brief_1_2022_m_parkes.pdf
Stadelmaier, et al. (2022): „Using GRADE Evidence to Decision frameworks to support the process of health policy-making: an example application regarding taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages“. https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/32/Supplement_4/iv92/6849910
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WHO (2016): „Fiscal policies for diet and prevention of noncommunicable diseases: technical meeting report“, 5-6 May 2015, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/obesity/fiscal-policies-for-diet-and-the-prevention-of-noncommunicable-diseases-0.pdf?sfvrsn=84ee20c_2
Výsledky doterajšieho empirického výskumu (závery dvoch veľkých meta-štúdií – Teng, et al. (2019) a Andreyeva et al. (2022), ktoré sa zaoberali dôsledkami zavedenej dane aj vrátane krajín ako Maďarsko, Fínsko, Dánsko, Francúzsko, Portugalsko a pod.) možno zhrnúť nasledovne:
Prehľad štúdií mapujúcich vplyvy konzumácie sladených nápojov, resp. zavedenia dane zo sladených nápojov na zdravie:
Australian Medical Association Report (2024): https://www.ama.com.au/sites/default/files/2024-02/A%20sweet%20deal%20-%20the%20case%20for%20taxing%20sugar-sweetened%20beverages.pdf
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Briggs, A. D. M., Mytton, O. T., Kehlbacher, A., Tiffin, R., Elhussein, A., Rayner, M., Jebb, S. A., Blakely, T., & Scarborough, P. (2017): „Health impact assessment of the UK soft drinks industry levy: a comparative risk assessment modelling study. The Lancet. Public health, 2(1), e15-e22. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(16)30037-8/fulltext
Brownell, Kelly D., et al. (2009): „The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages.“ The New England journal of medicine 361.16 (2009): 1599. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
Cabrera Escobar et al. (2013): „Evidence that a tax on sugar sweetened beverages reduces the obesity rate: a meta-analysis“. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1072
Du M, Griecci CF, Kim DD, Cudhea F, Ruan M, Eom H, Wong JB, Wilde PE, Michaud DS, Lee Y, Micha R, Mozaffarian D, Zhang FF. (2020): „Cost-Effectiveness of a National Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax to Reduce Cancer Burdens and Disparities in the United States“. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2020 Aug 25;4(6):pkaa073. doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkaa073. PMID: 33409452; PMCID: PMC7771430. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571305/
Emmert-Fees, K. M., Amies-Cull, B., Wawro, N., Linseisen, J., Staudigel, M., Peters, A., … & Laxy, M. (2023): „Projected health and economic impacts of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation in Germany: A cross-validation modelling study“. PLoS medicine, 20(11), e1004311. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004311
Fernandez, M. A., & Raine, K. D. (2019): „Insights on the Influence of Sugar Taxes on Obesity Prevention Efforts“. Current nutrition reports, 8(4), 333-339. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31177469/
Imamura, F., O’Connor, L., Ye, Z., Mursu, J., Hayashino, Y., Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Forouhi, N. G. (2016) „Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction“. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(8), 496–504. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/50/8/496
Liu, S., Veugelers, P. J., Maximova, K., & Ohinmaa, A. (2022): „Modelling the health and economic impact of sugary sweetened beverage tax in Canada“. PloS one, 17(11), e0277306-e0277306. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0277306
Malik, V. S., Schulze, M. B., & Hu, F. B. (2006): „Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review“. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 84(2), 274-288. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523290073
Malik, Vasanti S., et al. (2010): „Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.“ Diabetes care 33.11: 2477-2483. https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/33/11/2477/26589/Sugar-Sweetened-Beverages-and-Risk-of-Metabolic
Mishra, A., Ahmed, K., Froghi, S., & Dasgupta, P. (2015): „Systematic review of the relationship between artificial sweetener consumption and cancer in humans: analysis of 599,741 participants. International journal of clinical practice, 69(12), 1418-1426. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcp.12703
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Pineda, E., Gressier, M., Li, D., Brown, T., Mounsey, S., Olney, J., & Sassi, F. (2024): „Effectiveness and policy implications of health taxes on foods high in fat, salt, and sugar“. Food Policy, 123, 102599. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919224000101
Powell, Lisa M., et al. (2013): „Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: a systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes.“ Obesity reviews 14.2 (2013): 110-128. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/obr.12002?casa_token=prygCsirH7QAAAAA%3ACHnZ-Vb129n7_277wUSM6djBcNr4J3djIKExpAyL1K-1KnbZC6g63wyPOa2tsyQQvAJM6Vx2_6GNuNfa
Qin, P., Li, Q., Zhao, Y., Chen, Q., Sun, X., Liu, Y., Li, H., Wang, T., Chen, X., Zhou, Q., Guo, C., Zhang, D., Tian, G., Liu, D., Qie, R., Han, M., Huang, S., Wu, X., Li, Y., … Zhang, M. (2020): „Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and all-cause mortality: a dose– response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies“. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(7), 655–671. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-020-00655-y
Rogers, N. T., Conway, D. I., Mytton, O., Roberts, C. H., Rutter, H., Sherriff, A., … & Adams, J. (2023): „Estimated impact of the UK soft drinks industry levy on childhood hospital admissions for carious tooth extractions: interrupted time series analysis“. BMJ nutrition, prevention & health, 6(2), 243. https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2023/10/31/bmjnph-2023-000714
Rogers, N. T., Cummins, S., Forde, H., Jones, C. P., Mytton, O., Rutter, H., … & Adams, J. (2023): „Associations between trajectories of obesity prevalence in English primary school children and the UK soft drinks industry levy: An interrupted time series analysis of surveillance data“. PLoS Medicine, 20(1), e1004160. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004160
Ruanpeng, D.,Thongprayoon, C., Cheungpasitporn, W., & Harindhanavudhi, T. (2017): „Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages linked to obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis“. QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 110(8), 513–520. https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/110/8/513/3574201
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Silver, Lynn D., et al. (2023): „Changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the first two years (2018–2020) of San Francisco’s tax: A prospective longitudinal study.“ PLOS global public health 3.1 (2023): e0001219. https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0001219
Schwendike, Stolpe (2017): „Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: impact on overweight and obesity in Germany“. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5240244/
Sun, Ying, et al. (2024): „Sweetened beverages, genetic susceptibility, and incident atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort study.“ Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 17.3 (2024): e012145. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCEP.123.012145
Vartanian, L. R., Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (2007): „Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis“. American journal of public health, 97(4), 667-675. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782
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Wang, Y. Claire, et al. (2012): „A penny-per-ounce tax on sugar-sweetened beverages would cut health and cost burdens of diabetes.“ Health Affairs 31.1 (2012): 199-207. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0410
WHO (2022): https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240056299
Prehľad štúdií mapujúcich vplyvy konzumácie sladených nápojov na zamestnanosť:
Andreyeva et al. (2022): „Outcomes Following Taxation of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis“. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2792842
Díaz, Juan-José, et al. „Employment and wage effects of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes and front-of-package warning label regulations on the food and beverage industry: Evidence from Peru.“ Food Policy 115 (2023): 102412. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919223000106
Griffith, R., O’Connell, M., Smith, K., & Stroud, R. (2019): „The evidence on the effects of soft drink taxes“. IFS Briefing Note BN255. https://ifs.org.uk/publications/evidence-effects-soft-drink-taxes
Hattersley, L., Fuchs, A., Gonima, A., Silver, L., & Mandeville, K. (2020): „Business, employment, and productivity impacts of sugar-sweetened beverages taxes“. https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wboper/34082.html
Law, Cherry, et al. (2020): „An analysis of the stock market reaction to the announcements of the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy.“ Economics & Human Biology 38 (2020): 100834. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X19302096?via%3Dihub
NIHR (2020): https://www.nihr.ac.uk/news/sugar-tax-had-no-lasting-negative-impacts-on-the-uk-soft-drinks-industry/24156
Schillinger, Dean, et al. (2016): „Do sugar-sweetened beverages cause obesity and diabetes? Industry and the manufacture of scientific controversy.“ Annals of Internal Medicine 165.12 (2016): 895-897. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7883900/
Prehľad štúdií mapujúcich vplyvy na predaje, spotrebu, ceny, nákupnú turistiku:
Cawley J, Thow AM, Wen K, Frisvold D. (2019): „The Economics of Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Review of the Effects on Prices, Sales, Cross-Border Shopping, and Consumption“. Annu Rev Nutr. 2019 Aug 21;39:317-338. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31116649/
Cuadrado, Cristóbal, et al. (2020): „Effects of a sugar-sweetened beverage tax on prices and affordability of soft drinks in Chile: A time series analysis.“ Social Science & Medicine 245 (2020): 112708. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953619307038
Kurz, C. F., & König, A. N. (2021): „The causal impact of sugar taxes on soft drink sales: evidence from France and Hungary“. The European journal of health economics, 22(6), 905-915. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10198-021-01297-x
Powell, L. M., Chriqui, J. F., Khan, T., Wada, R., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2013): „Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: a systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes“. Obesity Reviews. 14:110-128. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556391/
Silver, L. D., Ng, S. W., Ryan-ibarra, S., Taillie, L. S., Induni, M., Miles, D. R., Poti, J. M., & Popkin, B. M. (2017): „Changes in prices, sales, consumer spending, and beverage consumption one year after a tax on sugarsweetened beverages in Berkeley, California, US: A before-and-after study“. PLoS medicine, 14(4), e1002283- e1002283. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002283
Teng, et al. (2019): „Impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes on purchases and dietary intake: Systematic review and meta-analysis“. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.12868